Lithologic Reservoirs ›› 2026, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (1): 38-54.doi: 10.12108/yxyqc.20260104

• PETROLEUM EXPLORATION • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Progress in high-frequency sequence stratigraphy of clastic lakes: Implications from ancient sedimentary sequences

ZAVALA Carlos1, LIU Huaqing2,3, LI Xiangbo2,3(), YANG Zhanlong2,3, LI Yang1,4,5, WANG Jing2,3, TROBBIANI Valentin6,7, ARCURI Mariano6,7   

  1. 1 College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, Shandong, China
    2 PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development-Northwest, Lanzhou 730020, China
    3 Key Laboratory of Petroleum Reservoir Description, CNPC, Lanzhou 730020, China
    4 Institute of Energy, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
    5 Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Deep Coalbed Methane Accumulation Mechanism and Efficient Development, Ordos 017010, Inner Mongolia, China
    6 Departamento de Geología, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahia Blanca 8000, Argentina
    7 GCS Consulting Services, Bahia Blanca 8000, Argentina
  • Received:2025-08-11 Revised:2025-09-11 Online:2026-01-01 Published:2026-01-23
  • Contact: LI Xiangbo E-mail:lixiangbo911@sina.com

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Abstract:

Sequence stratigraphic concepts and methods provide novel tools for performing stratigraphic analysis, allowing us to improve our understanding of depositional models and basin evolution. Main controls and depositional elements (e.g. surfaces, systems tracts, parasequences, etc.) recognized in conventional sequence strati-graphy are designed for marine-related systems. In contrast, the sequence stratigraphy of lacustrine successions is much more complex, because it is not driven by sea-level changes, but by a complex interaction between tecto-nics and high-frequency climatic cycles. Through systematic analysis of lacustrine sedimentary systems, the re-levant concepts of lacustrine sequence stratigraphy were clarified. The controlling effects of allocyclic cycles on lacustrine sedimentation and sequence stratigraphy, accommodation space types of lacustrine basins and their significance for sequence stratigraphy and hydrocarbon genesis were explored.The results show that： （1） The lacustrine sedimentary conditions can be classified as three types: Underfilled, balanced-fill and overfilled lakes. There are significant differences in water salinity, sedimentary sequences, and system tracts under different lacustrine sedimentary conditions. Underfilled lakes are hydrologically closed lakes, and consequently, the lake-level can highly fluctuate, driven by high-frequency wet-dry climatic cycles. During wet periods, rivers supply water and sediments, resulting in fining-and thinning-upward elementary depositional sequences (EDS) accumulated during the transgressive systems tract (TST). In contrast, dry periods are characterized by a relative lake-level fall with the subaerial exposure of lake margin areas during the regressive systems tract (RST). Lake water salinity are brackish to hypersaline. Balanced-fill lakes are partially closed lakes, and consequently, they have characteristics of both underfilled and overfilled lakes. During the TST, the lake is in underfilled condition, and consequently, the introduction of water and sediment will accumulate a fining-upward interval until reaching the spill point during the maximum flooding. The RST is accumulated under an overfilled lake condition, with coarsening-upward progradational littoral deltas and related subaqueous delta deposits. Lake water salinity are brackish to freshwater. Overfilled lakes are hydrologically open lakes. Most deposits accumulate during the RST, forming coarsening-upward progradational littoral deposits, with associated subaqueous deltas. All overfilled lakes are freshwater lakes. （2） Subsidence is crucial for allowing the long-term preservation of lacustrine depo-sits. Lakes can temporarily store water and sediments in areas that lack subsidence, but these deposits will not be preserved in the stratigraphic record. Subsiding lakes develop permanent accommodation space and hanging lakes develop temporary accommodation space. Although hanging lakes cannot permanently store sediments,they can flood subsiding lakes with the near-instantaneous release of a substantial volume of water, creating favorable conditions for the accumulation of organic-rich shales. This rapid flooding from hanging lakes induced a forced transgression (FT), which is a large-scale rapid transgression (xenoconformity) not related to the normal sediment and water supply from local source areas.

Key words: lacustrine sequence stratigraphy, underfilled lakes, balanced-fill lakes, overfilled lakes, forced transgression, forced regression, allocyclic cycles, accommodation space

CLC Number: 

  • TE122.23

Fig. 1

Key elements that control lacustrine deposits and sequence stratigraphy"

Fig. 2

Overfilled, balanced-fill and underfilled lake basins based on variation of potential accommodation and sediment-water supply"

Fig. 3

Variations in relative lake-levels and their consequences of underfilled lakes"

Fig. 4

Internal organization, origin and significance of an elementary depositional sequence (EDS) developed in underfilled lakes"

Fig. 5

Outcrop photos of elementary depositional sequences (EDS) in underfilled lakes"

Fig. 6

Variations in relative lake-levels and their deposits/stacked patterns during balanced-fill lakes"

Fig. 7

Internal organization and formation mechanism of an elementary depositional sequence (EDS) developed in balanced-fill lakes"

Fig. 8

Outcrop photos of EDS developed in balanced-fill lake from Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin"

Fig. 9

Main characteristics and depositional patterns in overfilled lakes"

Fig. 10

Types of river discharges and deposits in overfilled (freshwater) lakes"

Fig. 11

Internal organization and formation mechanism of an elementary depositional sequence (EDS) accumulated in overfilled lakes"

Fig. 12

Controlling factors for sedimentary evolution in terrestrial basins"

Fig. 13

Climate controls on EDS developed in underfilled lakes"

Fig. 14

Allocyclic cycles control on EDS developed in overfilled lakes"

Fig. 15

Relationship of lake-level changes with forced transgressions and regressions"

Fig. 16

Breaching of the spill point and formation of outflow river valleys during the maximum flooding period of the lake basin of the 7th member of Yanchang Formation in Triassic of Ordos Basin"

Fig. 17

Temporary and permanent accommodation space in lacustrine systems"

Fig. 18

Outcrop photos of typical forced transgression surface developed in terrestrial lake basins"

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