Lithologic Reservoirs ›› 2026, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (5): 179-190.doi: 10.12108/yxyqc.20260517

• PETROLEUM ENGINEERING AND OIL & GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Origin and genesis of formation water in shale oil reservoirs of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Lijin sub-depression, Dongying Sag

SHEN Chen1,2(), SUN Yu1, ZHANG Yujie1(), ZHU Qingli1, HUO Fei3, CAO Weidong1, LIU Xiaoliang1, SHEN Yuniang1   

  1. 1 Downhole Operation Company, Sinopec Shengli Petroleum Engineering Co., Ltd., Dongying 257077,Shandong, China
    2 College of Energy (College of Modern Shale Gas Industry), Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610218, China
    3 School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
  • Received:2025-11-03 Revised:2026-01-23 Online:2026-09-01 Published:2026-09-04
  • Contact: ZHANG Yujie E-mail:shenchen_217@163.com;zyj19972080@163.com

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Abstract:

Flowback fluids from shale oil wells have multiple sources, making it difficult to identify the source and genesis of formation water. By analyzing major ion compositions, hydrochemical coefficients, δD-δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr isotopic characteristics of more than 350 flowback fluid samples from shale oil wells of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Lijin sub-depression of Dongying Sag, together with geothermometric indicators, geochemical characteristics, sources, and genesis types of flowback fluids from different stata were systematically identified. Research results show that: （1） Es4s-Es3x submembers of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Lijin sub-depression of Dongying Sag contain high salinity formation water. Water samples from Es4s submember mainly display a “sickle-shaped” pattern on Novak diagram,with Na/Cl ratios less than 1.0 and desulfurization coefficients mostly below 1.0, indicating that it was formed under long-term closed conditions and underwent strong evaporative concentration and intensive water-rock interaction. Some samples from Es4scs and Es3x submembers exhibit a “dart-shaped” pattern on Novak diagram, suggesting the existence of surface water (fracturing fluids) or shallow formation water. （2） Isotopic analyses indicate that samples from Es4scx significantly away from Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) on the δD-δ18O crossplot,which reflect isotopic composition characteristics controlled by evaporation concentration and closed burial environment. Their 87Sr/86Sr values range from 0.709 045 to 0.710 253, which are comparable to the strontium isotopic composition of seawater in early Eocene of Paleogene, suggesting that they are dominantly derived from primary sedimentary formation water. In contrast, samples from Es4scs-Es3x submembers are generally closer to GMWL and display relatively higher 87Sr/86Sr values (0.711 016-0.711 152), indicating significant influence of hydraulic fracturing fluids or shallow formation water mixing. （3） Sources and genesises of formation water in different strata of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in the study area exhibit diffe-rences. Formation water in the submember of Es4s is dominated by primary connate water formed under strongly reducing conditions and subsequently modified by dolomitization and albitization, whereas formation water in the submember of Es3x mainly comprises of mixed origin, resulting from interaction between paleo-saline lacustrine water and freshwater or surface water.

Key words: formation water, flowback fluid, hydrogen-oxygen isotope, strontium isotope ratio, water-rock interaction, shale oil reservoir, Shahejie Formation, Paleogene, Lijin sub-depression, Dongying Sag

CLC Number: 

  • TE1332

Fig. 1

Geological map (a), and comprehensive stratigraphic column of Paleogene Shahejie Formation (b) of Lijin sub-depression, northern part of Dongying Sag"

Fig. 2

Piper facies diagram of flowback fluids from shale oil well of Paleogene Shahejie Formation (Es4s-Es3x) in Lijin sub-depression, Dongying Sag"

Table1

Comparison of hydrochemical characteristics among flowback fluids from shale oil well of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Lijin sub-depression of Dongying Sag, and Yellow River water, seawater, geothermal water, and fracturing water"

样品 层位 井号 ρ(离子)/(mg·L-1) TDS/(mg·L-1) 水型
Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ HCO3- Cl- SO42-
黄河干流[23] — — 8~71 0~4 10~59 3~19 180~190 22~78 41~123 416~576 NaHCO3
海水[24] — — 10 500 540 420 1 320 150 19 320 2 690 34 940 MgCl2
地热水[22] Ng — 3 093~4 561 19~73 122~416 53~145 202~282 4 822~7 837 0~462 8 450~13 145 CaCl2
Ed — 5 876~7 407 50~124 254~1 352 123~292 154~726 10 228~13 050 0~29 17 058~21 567 CaCl2
∈—O — 3 757~4 514 54~86 501~731 93~125 172~693 6 858~8 313 1~1 11 780~13 885 CaCl2
返排液 Es3x LY104HF 1 827~2 025 117~130 20~57 11~36 3 011~3 396 124~308 843~1 141 6 312~6 553 NaHCO3
LY103HF 4 437~6 302 246~350 199~308 54~181 1 173~2 045 6 002~9 714 12~476 13 279~18 169 NaHCO3
LY3HF 10 258~27 308 411~1 030 429~3 230 116~853 302~2 078 16 637~45 901 0~3 047 28 754~77 102 CaCl2
Es4scs LY5HF 1 003~2 920 65~184 13~130 1~32 403~3 889 1 319~3 432 0~337 2 806~9 097 NaHCO3
LY2CHF 35 914~54 524 821~1 164 1 759~3 291 174~1 017 252~1 129 59 795~91 500 23~1 426 10 047~150 896 CaCl2
Es4scx LX856 13 275~85 318 498~1 613 944~4 870 151~492 878~2 532 21 077~143 048 519~2 501 39 718~236 867 CaCl2
LY4HF 29 895~40 598 683~928 1 956~3 339 217~1 157 254~1 134 51 792~69 920 57~3 143 85 568~116 720 CaCl2
GX173 36 413~63 082 1 073~1 362 3 500~10 884 603~2 261 212~1 622 64 308~113 869 0~2 382 108 757~187 634 CaCl2
压裂水 — — 17~2 421 2~130 30~228 15~1152 14~550 88~4 616 24~986 194~8 914 Na2SO4

Fig. 3

Novak diagram of flowback fluids from shale oil well of Paleogene Shahejie Formation (Es4s-Es3x) in Lijin sub-depression, Dongying Sag"

Fig. 4

Characteristics of hydrochemical parameters of flowback fluids from shale oil well of Paleogene Shahejie Formation (Es4s-Es3x) in Lijin sub-depression, Dongying Sag"

Fig. 5

Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic characteristics of flowback fluids from shale oil well of Paleogene Shahejie Formation (Es4s-Es3x) in Lijin sub-depression, Dongying Sag"

Fig. 6

Strontium isotopic ratios discrimination of flowback fluids from shale oil well of Paleogene Shahejie Formation(Es4s-Es3x) in Lijin sub-depression, Dongying Sag"

Fig. 7

Concentrations crossplot of cation (Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+) with Cl- of flowback fluids from shale oil well of Paleogene Shahejie Formation (Es4s—Es3x) in Lijin sub—depression, Dongying Sag"

Fig. 8

Crossplot of Caexcess and Nadeficit in flowback fluids from shale oil well of Paleogene Shahejie Formation (Es4s-Es3x) in Lijin sub-depression, Dongying Sag"

Fig. 9

Ternary diagram of Na-K-Mg in flowback fluids from shale oil well of Paleogene Shahejie Formation (Es4s-Es3x) in Lijin sub-depression, Dongying Sag"

Fig. 10

Production dynamics and Novak diagram of Paleogene Shahejie Formation (Es4s-Es3z) in well SX158 of Dongying Sag"

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