LIU Diren, XIA Pei, WANG enchun, YAN Linhui, ZHAO Jianwu
2012, Vol.24(3): 14
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SHI Zhongsheng,WANG Tianqi,WANG Jiangong,PAN Shuxin,YANG Rongjun,WANG Ge
2012, Vol.24(3): 510
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FU Guang, FENG Heqing
2012, Vol.24(3): 1114
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LIANG Zeliang,ZHAN G Shuncun,JIA Chunming,YANG Fei,ZHANG Jie,SHI Ji’an
2012, Vol.24(3): 1520
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MAO Xuelian, MA Qing, LIU Wei, YUAN Chao, CAI Jiacheng
2012, Vol.24(3): 2126
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YANG Wei,CHEN Guojun,ZHANG Mingjie,LI Chengshan,LU Chengfu,LI Chao
2012, Vol.24(3): 2732
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WANG Zhiping,QIN Qirong,WANG Baoquan,ZENG Yi,LI Yu
2012, Vol.24(3): 3338
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ZHOU Zhan,FENG Dong,WANG Hongliang,ZHOU Hongfei,WANG Qiming
2012, Vol.24(3): 3944
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CHEN Meiting,TIAN Jingchun,FENG Qianghan,MENG Xiaoling,DU Yuguo,WANG Feng
2012, Vol.24(3): 4550
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LIU Jiangyu,XIA ihua,RAN Qiquan,ZHOU Hui,YUAN Dan
2012, Vol.24(3): 5155
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WANG Xinglong,DENG Hongwen,MU Guipeng,ZHANG Zhengyou,WEI Lin
2012, Vol.24(3): 5660
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ZHANG Pengfei
2012, Vol.24(3): 6165
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ZHOU Hua,HUANG Sijing,LAN Yefang
2012, Vol.24(3): 6673
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LIU Jiang,LI Fengjie,HOU Jingtao,FANG Chaogang,MENG Lina
2012, Vol.24(3): 7478
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441
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WANG Wei
2012, Vol.24(3): 7982
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LI Minjie,LIN Yuying,MENG Fanbing,WANG Xiwen,WANG Xianjie
2012, Vol.24(3): 8387
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SUN Pei,CUI Shitao,LIU Jiaqing,SHEN Yibo
2012, Vol.24(3): 8892
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XU Zerui,WANG Zhonghao,WANG Changxue,LI Xia
2012, Vol.24(3): 9398
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WANG Tao,ZHAO Jinyi
2012, Vol.24(3): 103107
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ZHONG Haiquan,ZHOU Junjie,LI Yingchuan,PU Hao,TAN Yan
2012, Vol.24(3): 108111
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SU Mingjun,WEI Pingsheng,CHEN Qilin
2012, Vol.24(3): 112117
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683
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ZHANG Jifeng
2012, Vol.24(3): 118122
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WANG Qiuyu
2012, Vol.24(3): 123128
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LIU Diren, XIA Pei, WANG enchun, YAN Linhui, ZHAO Jianwu
2012, Vol.24(3): 14
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.001
Because of the different environments in the horizontal well, the model, interpretation method and rule of dual laterolog response in vertical well are not suitable for horizontal well. Based on 3D finite element numerical simulation, the relations of the dual laterolog response with fracture porosity, fluid resistivity in fractures, base rock resistivity, fracture dip and mud invasion radius of carbonate fracture reservoirs in horizontal well were analyzed, and the alternation rule of the dual laterolog response of carbonate fracture reservoirs in horizontal well was summarized.
SHI Zhongsheng,WANG Tianqi,WANG Jiangong,PAN Shuxin,YANG Rongjun,WANG Ge
2012, Vol.24(3): 510
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.002
In order to identify the sand bodies and find lithologic reservoirs under different geological settings in the western slope and placanticline area of Songliao Basin, the study was taken based on the data of Saertu Formation and Baijiantan Formation are mainly type Ⅱ and Ⅲ reservoir. From the Baikouquan Formation to the Karamay Formation, Baijiantan Formation, the reservoir properties become better, and then become worse again. The reservoir property of upper sub-member of the Karamay Formation is the best, so it is the favorable member of high quality reservoir.
FU Guang, FENG Heqing
2012, Vol.24(3): 1114
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.003
In order to study the oil accumulation rule of Fuyu and Yangdachengzi oil layer in Sanzhao Depression, the method of studying space distribution relation among oil distribution, source rocks and faults was applied to study the oil lateral migration model and its control action on oil accumulation and distribution. The result shows that the lateral migration model is that oil generated from the overlying K1qn1 source rocks migrates into underlying different horizons of Fuyu and Yangdachengzi oil layer under the action of buoyancy, because faults make the overlying K1 qn1 source rocks touch with underlying different horizons of Fuyu and Yangdachengzi oil layer. The more the fault step in fault is, the more horizons of Fuyu and Yangdachengzi oil layer the oil migrated into. This lateral migration model of oil generated from the overlying K1qn1 source rocks controls the oil accumulation and distribution of Fuyu and Yangdachengzi oil layer, and it mainly displays in the following two aspects: ①The horst structures in two sides of fault condensed belts are favorable places for oil of Fuyu and Yangdachengzi oil layer to accumulate. ②Fu I oil group is the main horizon for oil generated from the overlying K1qn1 source rocks to migrate and accumulate in Fuyu and Yangdachengzi oil layer. The study result is of extend value for guiding oil exploration of Fuyu and Yangdachengzi oil layer in Sanzhao Depression.
LIANG Zeliang,ZHAN G Shuncun,JIA Chunming,YANG Fei,ZHANG Jie,SHI Ji’an
2012, Vol.24(3): 1520
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.004
Based on core observation, slic e identification and logging data analysis, it is considered that the Triassic reservoirs in Cheguai area, northwestern margin of Junggar Basin, mainly developed conglomerate and sandstone. The accumulation spaces of conglomerate are mainly primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular dissolved pores, and the accumulation spaces of sandstone are mainly primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular dissolved pores and intragranular dissolved pores. The Triassic reservoirs in the study area are mainly of medium-low porosity and medium-low permeability in general. The Baikouquan Formation is mainly type Ⅱ and Ⅳ reservoir, and the Karamay Formation and Baijiantan Formation are mainly typeⅡ and Ⅲ reservoir. From the Baikouquan Formation to the Karamay Formation, Baijiantan Formation, the reservoir properties become better, and then become worse again. The reservoir property of upper sub-member of the Karamay Formation is the best, so it is the favorable member of high quality reservoir.
MAO Xuelian, MA Qing, LIU Wei, YUAN Chao, CAI Jiacheng
2012, Vol.24(3): 2126
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.005
Based on core observation, thin section analysis, logging and seismic data analysis, we studied the rock types, sedimentary characteristics and reef flat distribution of the Upper Ordovician Lianglitage Formation in Halahatang area. The result shows that during the depositional stage of Lianglitage Formation, the sediments are mainly of nodular limestones and lamellar calcarenites, and the depositional environment is marginal facies in carbonate platform. In the plane, it successively developed basin facies, platform foreslope, reef flat on the edge of platform and platform margin depression from south to north. The reef flat on the edge of platform is distributed in the direction of EW, with great thickness and fine lateral continuity. The calcarenites of reef flat facies on the edge of platform can act as the favorable reservoir.
YANG Wei,CHEN Guojun,ZHANG Mingjie,LI Chengshan,LU Chengfu,LI Chao
2012, Vol.24(3): 2732
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.006
The authigenic chlorite is frequently observed in sandstone and may heavily influence the reservoir properties. Based on observation of thin section, cast slices and scanning electronic microscope, we studied the mechanism of authigenic chlorite generation and its influences on sandstone reservoir properties of Chang 8 oil reservoir set in Zhenbei area of Ordos Basin. The results show that: ①The authigenic chlorite is mainly presented in the form of chlorite coatings and chlorite rosettes, and the formation of internal layer of grain coatings began at the contemporaneous sedimentary stage. After the authigenic chlorite formed, pore-lining chlorite of outer layer grew towards the direction of the porosity perpendicular to the internal layer coatings by ctenoid at the mid-diagenetic stage. The formation of chlorite rosettes formed in the more capacious porosity at the late diagenetic stage. ②The authigenic chlorite influenced the reservoir properties on two aspects: on the one hand, the authigenic chlorite is to the benefit of the preserve of primary porosity, it restrains the secondary enlargement of authigenic quartz by changing the porosity micro-environment and occupying the space on the detrital quartz surface; on the other hand, the permeability of the sandstone reservoir is reduced, although the authigenic chlorite has protected the primary porosity, it also occupies the space of throat, finally, it leads to the contents of authigenic chlorite is negative related to the permeability.
WANG Zhiping,QIN Qirong,WANG Baoquan,ZENG Yi,LI Yu
2012, Vol.24(3): 3338
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.007
According to field survey, drilling cores, thin slice and logging data, based on the tectonic stress field analysis, this paper analyzed the types and origin of fractures of the Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin. The result shows that under the action of the NW horizontal compressive stress in the late stage of Indo-China movement, the approximate NS and NW trending “X” plane conjugate shear fractures and a few NE trending tectonic associated fractures were formed. Due to the influences of the strong stratum heterogeneity, the development degree of NW trending fractures is higher. During the period of late-mid-Himalayan movement, under the action of the EW horizontal compressive stress,the former fractures were reformed that the NW-SE trending fractures were enhanced and the NS trending fractures developed into thrust fault with strike-slip characteristics. And in the NE local stress field,approximate EW trending fractures developed in the northeastern study area. Under the action of nowadays NW trending tectonic stress field, the NW trending fractures are more open, and the approximate NS and NE trending fractures are closed. The distribution of regional fractures superposed associated fractures is closely related to local structures. The area where kinds of fractures developed is favorable for fracture development, so the development area of NW and approximate EW trending effective fractures will be the key area for oil-gas exploration in Dayi area.
ZHOU Zhan,FENG Dong,WANG Hongliang,ZHOU Hongfei,WANG Qiming
2012, Vol.24(3): 3944
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.008
In order to study the formation mechanism and distribution of the sand bodies developed in Qing 1 and Qing 2 members of Upper Cretaceous in Songliao Basin, with the application of the principle of high resolution sequence stratigraphy, sequence boundary marks were determined and a kind of sequence boundaries of shift surface of deposition were identified according to core, drilling/logging and seismic data. According to the research of sequence boundaries, one long-term base level cycle and three medium-term base level cycles were recognized in the target formations. Based on stacking modes of medium-term to long-term base-level cycles, the stratum mode of medium-term base level cycles is symmetry, but the stratum mode of long-term base level cycles is mainly composed of rising half cycle which composed rising asymmetry cycle configuration. Sedimentary facies and the distribution of sand bodies are mainly controlled by the change of base level. The delta front sand bodies are distributed in the rising and falling stage of medium-term base level cycles, and the turbidity sand bodies are only distributed in the rising stage of medium-term base level cycles. This understanding will be favorable for oil and gas exploration in the study area.
CHEN Meiting,TIAN Jingchun,FENG Qianghan,MENG Xiaoling,DU Yuguo,WANG Feng
2012, Vol.24(3): 4550
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.009
By analyzing thin sections, scanning electronic microscope and physical properties, the petrology characteristics, pore types and reservoir properties of He 8 member in Gaoqiao area were studied. The result shows that the rocks of the reservoir of He 8 member which deposited in braided delta front are mainly composed of quartz sandstone and lithic quartz sandstone with high compositional maturity and medium textural maturity. The reservoir developed secondary dissolved pores primarily, followed by kaolinite inter-crystalline pores and primary intergranular pores, and a little microcrack. The average porosity is 6.37% and the average permeability is 0.81 mD,and it belongs to typical low porosity and low permeability reservoir. The main factors influencing the reservoir properties were analyzed. The reservoir properties are controlled by provenance and sedimentary facie zone in plane, and controlled by compaction and cementation in the vertical direction, whereas the secondary pores produced by dissolution improve the reservoir properties.
LIU Jiangyu,XIA ihua,RAN Qiquan,ZHOU Hui,YUAN Dan
2012, Vol.24(3): 5155
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.010
The development of secondary pores in volcanic reservoir controls the oil and gas accumulation, and has an essential contribution to reservoir. Based on core data, and observation of thin sections and casting slices, combined with the logging data, it was found that different types of secondary pores developed in volcanic reservoir in Dixi area, including phenocryst dissolved pores, matrix dissolved pores, amygdale dissolved pores, intragranular dissolved pores, metasomatic and alterative pseudo-amygdale dissolved pores, structural fractures and dissolved fractures. The secondary pores and fractures have some internal connection in the evolution, and their forming is a complex geological process, principally controlled by lithology, tectonism and dissolution. The lithology is the material basis and prerequisite for the development of secondary pores, dissolution and fracture play a major role in the formation of secondary pores. The study on the characteristics of secondary pores and main controlling factors has a great significance to effective reservoir evaluation and prediction.
WANG Xinglong,DENG Hongwen,MU Guipeng,ZHANG Zhengyou,WEI Lin
2012, Vol.24(3): 5660
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.011
The cores and thin sections were applied to study the characteristics and formation mechanism of low permeabi lity sandstone reservoirs. The low permeability sandstone reservoirs are characterized by low compositional and textural maturity, localized pore radius, poor reservoir properties, high pressure-sensitivity, probably welldeveloped fracture systems and strong heterogeneity. By analyzing the formation mechanism, this paper suggested that the genesis of low permeability sandstone reservoirs is intently related to sedimentation, diagenesis and tectonism that have occurred. Sedimentation is thought to be the most fundamental factor for the formation of low permeability sandstone reservoirs, diagenesis has dual effects on the physical properties, and the fractures formed by tectonism served as the main flowing path.
ZHANG Pengfei
2012, Vol.24(3): 6165
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495
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.012
Turbidite reservoir is characterized by complex hydrocarbon accumulation rule and diverse oiliness. Based on the data of seismic, well logging, well drilling and well testing. The fundamental geologic features, combined with the hydrocarbon distribution rule and typical reservoir analysis were applied to study the main controlling factors of the accumulation of turbidite. The result shows that the hydrocarbon accumulation of turbidite in the middle submember of Es3 is controlled by the following three aspects: ① The development of effective reservoir basically controlled the oil layer distribution, and the reservoir with great thickness is the distributed area and enrichment area of oil layer; ②Oil and gas enrichment is controlled by structural setting and abnormal high pressure; ③Effective transporting condition of faults is the key for hydrocarbon accumulation of turbidite. Compared with separate lenticular turbidite sand body, turbidite sandstone which is communicated with source rock by fault is easily charged by oil. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation method for the turbidite in sub-depression belt is concluded.
ZHOU Hua,HUANG Sijing,LAN Yefang
2012, Vol.24(3): 6673
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.013
Based on thin section analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscope analyses, this paper studied the types, occurrence of clay minerals and its influence on reservoir properties of Chang 6 oil reservoir set in Huaqing area. The result shows that the clay minerals in Chang 6 oil reservoir set mainly consist of chlorite, illite and illite/smectite mixed layer, and the average content of clay minerals is approximately 4.55% . Authigenic chlorite commonly occurs as pore-lining cement, which is beneficial to protect porosity of deeply buried sandstones. The occurrence of illite and illite/smectite mixed layer is pore bridging or pore filling, which will block up pore spaces and reduce throat radius, and have negative effect on sandstone reservoir. Authigenic kaolinite in Chang 6 oil reservoir set in Huaqing area is not developed. High matrix content makes the reservoir experience intense compaction earlier than acidic fluid, and the influence of acidic fluid from Chang 7 hydrocarbon rocks is limited for Chang 6 oil reservoir set, both of them result in the lack of intergranular volume and active acidic fluid for kaolinite.
LIU Jiang,LI Fengjie,HOU Jingtao,FANG Chaogang,MENG Lina
2012, Vol.24(3): 7478
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441
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.014
In view of the small scale and the scattered distribution characteristics of the Lower Jurassic reservoir in Ordos Basin, the identification sign of sedimentary facies in Wuqi area of Ordos Basin was defined based on the core observation and log analysis. The result shows that the Fuxian Formation is of braided river sedimentary system, and developed sedimentary microfacies such as braided channel, diara, natural levee, flood plain and so on. At the same time, the sedimentary model of braided river is built up under the background of erosion in the river valley. Based on the research on sedimentary facies and sand thickness, the paleogeomorphology background of the Fuxian Formation was restored. The result shows that Ningshan ancient river and Mengshan ancient river intersected in Wuqi area, and formed a ancient hill among the rivers. The secondary river channel in the ancient river channel slope was also despcribed, which is of great significance for looking for the distribution laws of reservoirs under the control of the sedimentary facies in the Lower Jurassic.
WANG Wei
2012, Vol.24(3): 7982
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.015
The H4b reservoir of Bajiaoting structure in Pinghu oil and gas field is characterized by thin layers and strong heterogeneity, and it was developed by multi-branch horizontal wells, which makes reservoir description and reservoir modeling difficult. Based on well drilling and 3D seismic data, detailed stratigraphic correlation and prestack inversion techniques were applied to predict the reservoir distribution. The drilling trace of horizontal wells was fully used to adjust the reservoir description results, and the target reservoir is taken as single sand body or flow units for geological modeling. By taking the advantages of the long drilling trace of horizontal wells and wide horizontal cover of physical properties, combined with seismic attribute constraint, the model suitable for dynamic and static geology was finally established.
LI Minjie,LIN Yuying,MENG Fanbing,WANG Xiwen,WANG Xianjie
2012, Vol.24(3): 8387
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526
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.016
Large scale of combustible ice was developed in the continent slope area of the western coast of Ecuador. The seismic reflection characteristics are extremely similar to bottom simulating reflection(BSR). This area belongs to typical deep rugged sea bed, of which the free surface multiples, interbed multiples and diffracted multiples exist in the marine seismic data. Strong energy multiples can decrease the S/N ratio of data, and can affect the accurate imaging of primary reflection, even can severely influence the identification of combustible ice. The cascade combination of free surface multiple attenuation technique, high resolution Radon transform multiple attenuation technique and diffracted multiple attenuation technique were adopted to successfully solve the multiple attenuation problem in this area, which improves the ability of using seismic data to identify the combustible ice and can be used to predict the distribution scale of combustible ice in this area.
SUN Pei,CUI Shitao,LIU Jiaqing,SHEN Yibo
2012, Vol.24(3): 8892
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678
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.017
Low permeability reservoirs always have a thicker oil-water transitional zone, while mobile fluid usually is in form of tow-phase flow. Therefore, water and oil saturation will decrease undergoing the release of pressure and outgassing as the process of sealed coring, which results in the difficulty in acquiring oil saturation of sealed core. In practice, evaporation experiments were used to correct it, however, data of laboratory of sealed core will be wasted when there is no evaporation experiment. There is a method which can correct the sealed core saturation of low permeability reservoirs with no evaporation experiment. First of all, classify the reservoir types according to reservoir quality index based on fairly well relationship between reservoir quality index and the fluid loss rate of sealed coring. Then study the correction factor of different types of reservoirs to obtain different correction factors. According to the analysis of laboratory and production data, it is proved that the correction method for obtaining initial saturation of low permeability reservoirs based on pore structure classification is effective. So the valuable sealed coring data with no evaporation experiment can be made use for obtain initial saturation, and provide criterion for logging interpretation.
XU Zerui,WANG Zhonghao,WANG Changxue,LI Xia
2012, Vol.24(3): 9398
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529
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.018
LWD resistivity data are mainly used in horizontal well logging interpretation. Compared to vertical well, the responses of electrical logging in horizontal well seem to be more complicated. It not only needs to consider bed thickness and shoulder bed, but also should take borehole inclination and formation resistivity anisotropy into account. Different formation models were established for numerical simulations to analyze the responses of the ARC675 resisitivity tool to the environmental factors, including bed thickness, shoulder bed and resistivity anisotropy. A field log example is used to support the calculations presented. The method is not only used to determine the geometry relationship of well trajectory and formations precisely, but also to interpret the reason why there are large differences between the responses of phase shift resistivities and attenuation resistivities which are both highly different to the resistivities of pilot well. The results of this study can be used to guide the determination of fracturing in field application.
WANG Tao,ZHAO Jinyi
2012, Vol.24(3): 103107
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503
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.019
Bottom water coning is an important factor affecting reservoir development effect. In order to study the water cut change law of horizontal well in bottom water reservoir, based on theoretical study, numerical model for bottom water reservoir was established. Cumulative oil production, cumulative water production and cumulative liquid production were calculated to obtain the parameter b of Yuqitai water-drive curve. Then response surface method was used to study the influence of different factors on parameter b, and then obtain the influence law and order of the factors on water cut. The result has great significance for the development of horizontal wells in bottom water reservoir.
ZHONG Haiquan,ZHOU Junjie,LI Yingchuan,PU Hao,TAN Yan
2012, Vol.24(3): 108111
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.019
The dynamic reserve of gas well is very important to allocate reasonable production and draw up development programs. However, due to low permeability and strong heterogeneity of low permeability gas reservoir, it is hard to calculate the dynamic reserve correctly. Combined with dynamic production data of low permeability gas reservoir, through statistical analysis, the production index curves of single wells were divided into three types: standard type, fluctuation type, multi-section type, and the characteristics of production index curve of single wells and the related reasons were analyzed. Finally, the method for determining dynamic reserve of different wells based on flowing material balance method was proposed. The case study shows that it is reasonable that using flowing material balance method to calculate the single well dynamic reserves of low permeability gas reservoir.
SU Mingjun,WEI Pingsheng,CHEN Qilin
2012, Vol.24(3): 112117
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683
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.021
The well logging data are the crucial information for the petroleum seismogeology study. Through the process of single well analysis, we can obtain a plenty of information, such as lithology, physical properties, petroliferous properties and source rocks. These information can play an important role in the calibration of seismic data, and improve the reservoir description capability by three-dimensional seismic data. Multiwell analysis and process can be used to obtain tectonic and depositional models, and it takes a significant part of model guidance in petroleum seismogeology study. As a consequence, the higher quality of geological research can be achieved and the exploration risk can be reduced.
ZHANG Jifeng
2012, Vol.24(3): 118122
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PDF (255 KB) (
1101
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.022
The evaluation methods of development effect applied in water drive oilfield were evaluated, including states-balance method, systemic dynamic analysis method, fuzzy comprehensive analysis method and grey system method. After analyzing the advantages and shortcomings of each method, it is pointed out that the states-balance method and fuzzy comprehensive analysis method are more suitable for water drive oilfield. The problems and development trend of these evaluation methods in the process of application and research are discussed. The research result has significance on guidance and reference for the optimization and research of evaluation methods for water drive oilfield development effect.
WANG Qiuyu
2012, Vol.24(3): 123128
Abstract
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1066
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doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2012.03.023
Currently, the high water cut oilfield in eastern China have met many technical bottleneck problems that underground oil-water systems need to be rebuilt and well-patter need to be improved further. Based on the development data from 47 foreign high water cut sandstone oilfields, the waterflood development characteristics of foreign high water cut oilfields were summarized, and the redevelopment techniques and measures in high water cut stage of them were analyzed in detail. Furthermore, the new theories and technologies on geology, reservoir engineering and technology were also discussed. These measures adopted in foreign high water cut sandstone oilfields can provide certain guidance for improving waterflood recovery efficiency in similar oilfield of eastern China.