Lithologic Reservoirs ›› 2026, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (3): 12-23.doi: 10.12108/yxyqc.20260302

• PETROLEUM EXPLORATION • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Research progress of velocity modeling and imaging techniques using vertical seismic profile (VSP)

SU Qin1,2(), FENG Gang2(), LI Yanpeng2, YANG Zhe2, LIU Wenqing2   

  1. 1 School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611631, China
    2 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development-Northwest (NWGI), PetroChina, Lanzhou 730020, China
  • Received:2025-08-27 Revised:2025-10-15 Online:2026-05-01 Published:2026-01-12

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Abstract:

Vertical seismic profile (VSP) technology leverages the advantages of downhole observation to provide critical velocity constraints and high-resolution data for imaging complex geological structures. Based on a comprehensive literature review, the technological evolution of core components in VSP, current research focuses, and future development directions were summarized. The results show that: (1) Velocity modeling methods have advanced from first-arrival/reflected-wave ray-based tomography to full waveform inversion (FWI), significantly improving the accuracy of parameter inversion around the borehole. However, these methods remain constrained by acquisition fold and initial model accuracy, and still face challenges such as non-uniqueness. Migration imaging techniques have evolved from stacking mapping, ray-based migration methods, to wave-equation-based migration algorithms, overcoming the limitations of simplified medium and enabling accurate imaging of steeply dipping complex structures,still facing challenges such as computational efficiency, noise suppression, and insufficient utilization of the full wavefield. (2) Current research focuses on enhancing amplitude fidelity through least-squares reverse time migration (LSRTM), expanding illumination via full-wavefield collaborative imaging, and promoting deep integration of FWI and LSRTM to achieve unified velocity modeling and seismic imaging. (3) Future progress will rely on the synergistic development of novel sensing technologies, intelligent algorithms and increased computational power. By advancing integrated borehole-surface seismic surveys, high-precision velocity models will be constructed to support detailed reservoir characterization, dynamic monitoring, and the exploration of deep oil and gas resources.

Key words: vertical seismic profile, velocity modeling, tomographic inversion, full waveform inversion, wave equation, reverse time migration

CLC Number: 

  • TE121.34

Fig. 1

Elastic full waveform inversion for velocity modeling using Walkaway-VSP of Marmousi model"

Fig. 2

Velocity models from full waveform inversion of different seismic data"

Fig. 3

Comparison of 3D-DAS-VSP stacked imaging sections before and after bin stretching"

Fig. 4

Kirchhoff migration image of Walkaway-VSP data from a well of Sichuan Basin"

Fig. 5

Reverse time migration image from VSP of a theoretical model"

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