开鲁盆地奈曼凹陷白垩系义县组天然碱矿地质特征及成矿条件

doi:10.12108/yxyqc.20260101

岩性油气藏 ›› 2026, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (1): 1–12.doi: 10.12108/yxyqc.20260101

• 地质勘探 •

开鲁盆地奈曼凹陷白垩系义县组天然碱矿地质特征及成矿条件

户昶昊¹^,²(), 裴家学², 杨雪², 蔡国钢², 范家铭², 李丽²

¹ 中南大学地球科学与信息物理学院, 长沙 410083
² 中国石油辽河油田公司勘探开发研究院, 辽宁盘锦 124010

收稿日期:2025-07-27 修回日期:2025-08-22 出版日期:2026-01-01 发布日期:2026-01-23
第一作者:户昶昊(1979—)，男，中南大学在读博士研究生，教授级高级工程师，主要从事油田勘探开发工作。地址：（124010）辽宁省盘锦市兴隆台区石油大街98号辽河油田公司。Email:huch6@petrochina.com.cn。
基金资助:
新型油气勘探开发国家重大科技专项“渤海湾超级盆地油气富集规律与新领域勘探技术”(2024ZD1400100);辽河油田重大科技专项“辽河探区油气伴生资源潜力及利用研究”(2024KJZX-04)

Geological characteristics and genesis of trona deposit in Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Naiman Sag, Kailu Basin

HU Changhao¹^,²(), PEI Jiaxue², YANG Xue², CAI Guogang², FAN Jiaming², LI Li²

¹ School of Geosciences and Info-physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
² Research Institute of Exploration and Development， PetroChina Liaohe Oilfield Company, Panjin 124010, Liaoning, China

Received:2025-07-27 Revised:2025-08-22 Online:2026-01-01 Published:2026-01-23

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

开鲁盆地奈曼凹陷发育独特的天然碱矿，碱、盐、油共生。基于地震、测井、钻井岩心的分析测试等资料，明确了其白垩系义县组矿床的岩性组合、矿物特征、矿床特征及展布规律，从古构造、古气候、成矿物质来源及耦合关系方面探讨了天然碱矿成因及成矿模式。研究结果表明：①奈曼凹陷白垩系义县组矿床具有埋藏深、产状陡、断层发育的特征；矿层单层厚度小，隔夹层多；矿体形态近似椭圆形，南北向展布，中间厚四周薄，呈透镜状分布；发育2种沉积序列，矿床边部以苏打湖型（泥质白云岩—天然碱—泥岩）沉积序列为主，矿床中心为盐湖型（泥质白云岩—天然碱—石盐—天然碱—泥岩）沉积序列。平面上，碱—盐碱—盐呈环带状分布。②研究区矿床普遍含油，泥岩层原油赋存于细碎屑粒间孔、黏土矿物晶间孔、裂缝和干酪根中，碱、盐层油气主要赋存于矿物晶间孔缝、解理缝、包裹体、晶格缺陷中。③研究区天然碱矿为“古地貌、古气候、火山活动”三元耦合成矿模式，义县组沉积时期为封闭湖盆，周缘富钠安山岩持续向湖盆供给Na⁺；富含有机质泥岩腐烂分解产生了大量的CO₂，提高了卤水中CO₂浓度；燕山期频繁的火山活动，深部热液、幔源气通过断裂上涌，提供了大量CO₂及富含Na^＋热液；义县组沉积末期，持续的干旱气候导致湖水发生高度浓缩而达到饱和，结晶析出天然碱或石盐，经后期成岩作用形成了天然碱矿。

关键词: 天然碱矿, 古构造, 古气候, 碳源, 钠源, 油-碱-盐共生, 义县组, 白垩系, 奈曼凹陷, 开鲁盆地

Abstract:

Naiman Sag of Kailu Basin has developed unique trona deposit, which is paragenetically associated with salt and crude oil. Based on the data of seismic, logging data, drilling core laboratory analysis, the lithology assemblage, ore characteristics, deposit features and distribution patterns of the trona deposit in Cretaceous Yixian Formation were clarified. Meanwhile, the genesis and patterns of the deposit were investigated in terms of paleostructure, paleoclimate, sources of ore-forming materials, and their coupling relationships. The research results indicate that: (1) The Yixian Formation deposit of Cretaceous in Naiman Sag is characterized by deep burial, steep dip, fault development, thin individual layers and numerous interbeds. Ore body shape is approximately elliptical, with a north-south distribution direction and a lenticular distribution pattern featuring thickened centers and thinning edges. Two sedimentary sequences are developed: A soda-lake type sequence (mudstone-dolomite → trona → mudstone) dominates the deposit margins, while a saline-lake type sequence (mudstone-dolomite → trona → halite → trona → mudstone) prevails in the central zone. On the plane, trona-saline trona-salt distribute in an annular pattern. (2) The deposits are generally oil-bearing. Within mudstone layers, crude oil occurs in intergranular pores of fine clastics, inter-crystalline pores of clay minerals, fractures, and kerogen. In trona and salt layers, hydrocarbons primarily reside in mineral inter-crystalline pores and fractures, cleavage fractures, inclusions, and lattice defects. (3) The trona deposit in the study area is a ternary coupled mineral model of “paleogeomorphology-paleoclimate-volcanic activity”, the deposition of Yixian Formation constituted a closed lacustrine basin. Sodium ions (Na⁺) were continuously supplied to the basin by sodium-rich andesitic rocks in the periphery. The decomposition of organic-rich mudstone produces considerable CO₂, which increases the concentration of CO₂ in brine. The frequent volcanic activities during the Yanshan period led to the upwelling of deep-seated hydrothermal fluids and mantle-derived gas through faults, providing a large amount of CO₂ and Na⁺ -rich hydrothermal fluid. A persistent arid climate towards the end of Yixian Formation resulted in extreme concentration of the lake water, reaching saturation and precipitating trona or halite. Subsequent diagenesis formed the present trona deposit.

Key words: trona deposit, paleostructure, paleoclimate, carbon source, sodium source, co-occurrence of oil, trona and salt, Yixian Formation, Cretaceous, Naiman Sag, Kailu Basin

中图分类号:

TE121

户昶昊, 裴家学, 杨雪, 蔡国钢, 范家铭, 李丽. 开鲁盆地奈曼凹陷白垩系义县组天然碱矿地质特征及成矿条件[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2026, 38(1): 1–12.

HU Changhao, PEI Jiaxue, YANG Xue, CAI Guogang, FAN Jiaming, LI Li. Geological characteristics and genesis of trona deposit in Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Naiman Sag, Kailu Basin[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs, 2026, 38(1): 1–12.

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矿床名称	位置	面积/km²	埋深/m	成矿地质年代	品位/%	储量/10⁸ t
安棚	河南南阳桐柏县	10.47	1 288~2 418	古近纪	44.00	1.500 2
吴城	河南南阳桐柏县	4.66	643~974	古近纪	41.68	0.326 7
查干淖尔	内蒙古锡林郭勒盟	21.00	20~30	第四纪	27.60	5.379 1
鄂尔多斯	内蒙古鄂尔多斯市	4.00~40.00	3~8	第四纪	11.40	0.113 7
塔木素	阿拉善右旗	10.91（2区）	360~630	白垩纪	69.45	7.090 0
塔木素	阿拉善右旗	29.08（5区）	380~650	白垩纪	69.45	7.090 0
绿河	怀俄明州绿河地区	3 370.00	198~914	古近纪	75.00	560.000 0
贝帕扎里	土耳其安卡拉	8.00	250~430	古近纪	66.47~90.22	2.350 0
奈曼	内蒙古通辽市	24.00	800~3 000	白垩纪	45.94~60.93	20.770 0

样号	深度/m	Sr/Cu	MgO/ CaO	Fe₂O₃/ MnO	δ¹³C_PDB/ ‰	δ¹⁸O_PDB/ ‰	沉积时期
1	854.1	4.83	3.49	27.57	2.33	-9.21	九佛堂组沉积时期
2	854.5	5.13	1.61	27.23	2.61	-8.51
3	855.0	4.99	1.39	28.79	3.12	-7.65
4	855.5	5.25	1.55	24.81	1.94	-8.30
5	856.0	4.54	2.83	31.20	2.11	-8.14
6	856.5	2.56	1.87	48.30	2.07	-8.97
平均值		4.55	2.12	31.32	2.36	-8.46
7	1 486.5	84.54	7.64	1.00	1.92	-4.00	义县组沉积晚期（末期沉积蒸发岩）
8	1 487.1	47.84	5.35	1.55	2.48	-4.16
10	1 488.0	71.06	4.86	0.37	2.05	-3.83
11	1 488.5	40.24	1.46	3.43	4.37	-5.61
12	1 489.0	40.28	9.31	0.56	2.15	-5.12
平均值		56.79	5.72	1.38	2.59	-4.54
13	1 881.1	5.36	0.92	31.69	2.15	-15.01	义县组沉积早— 中期
14	1 882.3	1.56	1.03	35.73	0.41	-12.94
15	1 883.6	2.86	2.00	22.77	3.59	-12.52
16	1 884.5	3.40	0.57	15.05	3.19	-13.78
17	2 049.5	4.40	1.52	30.13	1.72	-17.69
18	2 050.0	3.49	2.08	20.06	1.62	-16.31
19	2 050.6	4.29	1.05	21.29	2.41	-16.50
20	2 051.2	5.92	1.15	50.44	2.51	-18.16
平均值		3.91	1.29	28.39	2.20	-15.36

开鲁盆地奈曼凹陷白垩系义县组天然碱矿地质特征及成矿条件

Geological characteristics and genesis of trona deposit in Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Naiman Sag, Kailu Basin

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