岩性油气藏 ›› 2026, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (5): 1–9.doi: 10.12108/yxyqc.20260501

• 地质勘探 • 上一篇    下一篇

盐类矿物对低丰度烃源岩规模生烃的影响机制——以柴达木盆地西部古近系下干柴沟组为例

王波1,2(), 周飞1,2, 田继先3(), 张静1,2, 张童1,2, 祁永刚4, 乔柏翰1,2, 冯德浩5   

  1. 1 中国石油青海油田公司 勘探开发研究院， 甘肃 敦煌 736202
    2 青海省高原咸化湖盆油气地质重点实验室， 甘肃 敦煌 736202
    3 中国石油勘探开发研究院， 北京 100083
    4 中国石油青海油田公司监督监理公司， 甘肃 敦煌 736202
    5 中国石油大学(北京) 地球科学学院， 北京 102249
  • 收稿日期:2026-01-19 修回日期:2026-02-10 出版日期:2026-09-01 发布日期:2026-09-04
  • 第一作者:王波（1984—），男，硕士，教授级高级工程师，主要从事石油地质综合研究方面的工作。地址：（736202）甘肃省敦煌市七里镇勘探开发研究院。Email:wboqh@petrochina.com.cn。
  • 通信作者: 田继先
  • 基金资助:
    新型油气勘探开发国家科技重大专项项目“柴达木盆地盆山体系油气成藏机制与新领域勘探技术”(2025ZD1400600)

Influence mechanism of salt minerals on large-scale hydrocarbon generation from low-abundance source rocks: A case study of Paleogene Xiaganchaigou Formation in western Qaidam Basin

WANG Bo1,2(), ZHOU Fei1,2, TIAN Jixian3(), ZHANG Jing1,2, ZHANG Tong1,2, QI Yonggang4, QIAO Baihan1,2, FENG Dehao5   

  1. 1 Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Qinghai Oilfield Company, Dunhuang 736202, Gansu, China
    2 Plateau Saline Lacustrine Basin Oil-Gas Geology Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province, Dunhuang 736202, Gansu, China
    3 PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
    4 Supervision & Management Company, PetroChina Qinghai Oilfield Company， Dunhuang 736202, Gansu, China
    5 College of Earth Sciences, China University of Petroleum （Beijing）, Beijing 102249, China
  • Received:2026-01-19 Revised:2026-02-10 Online:2026-09-01 Published:2026-09-04
  • Contact: TIAN Jixian E-mail:wboqh@petrochina.com.cn;tjx69@petrochina.com.cn

RichHTML

22

PDF (PC)

31

摘要：

柴达木盆地西部古近系—新近系咸化湖盆烃源岩有机质丰度较低，但却形成了多个规模油气藏，其中烃源岩中盐类无机矿物对低丰度烃源岩生烃过程发挥了重要作用。通过开展NaCl参与下的有机质生烃模拟实验，系统评价了柴西地区古近系无机盐类对有机质生烃的影响机制，明确了盐类矿物的作用规律，并建立了咸化湖盆油气生成模式。研究结果表明：①柴西地区古近系—新近系盐类矿物发育，主要类型为石盐、石膏和钙芒硝，单层厚度从数厘米到十几米不等，且盐层与烃源岩有机质互层叠置分布，为盐类物质发挥催化作用提供了有利条件。②热模拟实验证实，氯化盐的加入对烃源岩生烃具有显著促进作用，不仅能够明显促进油窗阶段液态烃、气窗阶段气态烃的生成，且随着盐度的升高，气态烃和液态烃产率峰值均呈逐渐升高趋势，同时液态烃裂解速度也随之加快。③干酪根热解过程中，氯化盐的加入显著降低了干酪根分子的C—C键及C—H键的断裂能，进而增加生烃量，其作用机制主要涉及通过电子诱导效应，改变分子表面电荷分布，从而加速特定反应过程并影响干酪根热解反应速率。④与传统生烃模式相比，咸化环境下烃源岩具有“早生烃”特征，浅层可溶有机质生烃与深层干酪根生烃形成接力效应，当Ro为0.5%时出现可溶有机质生油次高峰，当Ro为0.9%~1.1%时出现干酪根生油高峰，盐类物质的参与显著提高了有机质的生烃效率，最终实现低丰度烃源岩大规模生烃，从而使柴西咸化湖盆烃源岩在低丰度条件下依然能够生成大量油气。

关键词: 咸化湖盆, 生烃机理, 盐类矿物, 热模拟实验, 活化能, 产烃率, 下干柴沟组, 古近系, 柴达木盆地

Abstract:

Paleogene-Neogene saline lacustrine basin source rocks in western Qaidam Basin are with relatively low abundance organic matter, but multiple large-scale oil and gas reservoirs have been discovered. Saline inorganic minerals in source rocks have important impacts on the hydrocarbon generation of low abundance source rocks. Through conducting simulation experiments on hydrocarbon generation from organic matter with NaCl, the influence of inorganic salts on hydrocarbon generation from organic matter in Paleogene of western Qaidam Basin was systematically evaluated, influence machenism of salt minerals was clarified, and the hydrocarbon generation model for saline lacustrine basins was established. Research results show that: （1） Paleogene-Neogene saline minerals in western Qaidam Basin are developed, with rock salt, gypsum, and glauberite as the main types, and with single layer thicknesses ranging from several centimeters to over ten meters. Salt layers are interbedded with source rock organic matters, which provides favorable conditions for the catalytic effect of salt substances. （2） Thermal simulation experiments have confirmed that the addition of chloride salts significantly promotes the hydrocarbon generation of source rocks, which can significantly enhance the generation of liquid hydrocarbons in the oil window stage and gaseous hydrocarbons in the gas window stage. With the increase of salinity, the peak yields of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons gradually increase, and the cracking rate of liquid hydrocarbons accelerates simultaneously. （3） During the pyrolysis process of kerogen, the addition of chloride salts clearly reduces the breaking energy of C-C and C-H bonds in kerogen molecules, thereby enhancing hydrocarbon generation. The underlying mechanism may involve the alteration of molecular surface charge distribution through electronic induction effects, which accelerates specific reaction pathways and influences the pyrolysis reaction rate of kerogen. （4） Compared with the conventional hydrocarbon generation model, source rocks in saline environments have the characteristic of early hydrocarbon generation. The hydrocarbon generation of shallow soluble organic matter and deep kerogen follow a relay. When Ro is 0.5%, the secondary peak of soluble organic matter oil generation occurs, and when Ro is 0.9%-1.1%, the peak of kerogen oil generation occurs. The participation of saline substances greatly promotes the hydrocarbon generation efficiency of organic matter, ultimately achieving large-scale hydrocarbon generation from low abundance source rocks, which enable source rocks from saline lacustrine basins of western Qaidam Basin to generate a large amount of oil and gas even under the condition of low organic matter abundance.

Key words: saline lacustrine basin, hydrocarbon generation mechanism, saline minerals, thermal simulation experiment, activation energy, hydrocarbon generation rate, Xiaganchaigou Formation, Paleogene, Qaidam Basin

中图分类号: 

  • TE122.112

图1

柴西地区古近系下干柴沟组上段沉积相分布（a）及古近系岩性地层综合柱状图（b）"

图2

柴西地区古近系下干柴沟组上段盐层和盐类矿物的岩心照片、微观特征及其能谱图 (a) 含油石盐，狮38-2井，3 514.58 m；(b) 薄层盐岩，狮32斜井，4 153.00 m；(c) 薄层石膏，狮41-2井，4 087.35 m； (d) 石盐，狮38井，3 504.03 m，扫描电镜；(e) 石膏，狮23井，4 034.90 m，扫描电镜；(f) 钙芒硝，狮23井，4 173.00 m，扫描电镜；(g) 图(d)中石盐的能谱图；(h) 图(e)中石膏的能谱图；(i) 图(f)中钙芒硝的能谱图。"

图3

柴西地区古近系下干柴沟组上段（E32）含盐地层厚度平面分布"

图4

柴西地区古近系下干柴沟组上段（E32）有机质丰度（a）及类型（b） 注：Tmax为最高热解峰温，℃。"

表1

柴西地区古近系烃源岩生烃模拟实验样品信息"

井名 层位 深度/
m		 TOC/% Tmax/
℃		 HI/
(mg HC·g-1·TOC-1)		 （S1 + S2）/
(mg·g-1)		 实验
类别
英探1 E31—E32 4 552.4 1.13 432 295 3.58 高压釜
绿参1 E31—E32 4 305.7 0.66 423 98 1.18 黄金管

图5

柴西地区古近系烃源岩高压釜热解模拟实验中不同盐度条件下的烃产率"

图6

柴西地区古近系烃源岩黄金管热解模拟实验中不同盐度条件下的烃产率"

图7

柴西地区古近系烃源岩黄金管实验中不同盐度条件下Ⅲ型有机质产烃活化能分布特征"

图8

Cl-对碳链的诱导效应原理图"

图9

柴西地区古近系咸化湖相烃源岩生烃模式(据文献[24]修改）"

图10

柴西地区古近系油气成藏模式"

[1] 李国欣, 石亚军, 张永庶, 等. 柴达木盆地油气勘探、地质认识新进展及重要启示[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2022, 34(6):1-18.
LI Guoxin, SHI Yajun, ZHANG Yongshu, et al. New progress and enlightenment of oil and gas exploration and geological understanding in Qaidam Basin[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs, 2022, 34(6):1-18.
[2] 李才俊, 胡涛, 庞雄奇, 等. 东濮凹陷文留地区咸化湖盆沙三段油源特征及成藏模式[J]. 中国海上油气, 2025, 37(1):79-91.
LI Caijun, HU Tao, PANG Xiongqi, et al. Crude oil and source rock characteristics and hydrocarbon accumulation model of third member of Shahejie Formation in saline lacustrine basin in Wenliu area,Dongpu Sag[J]. China Offshore Oil and Gas, 2025, 37(1):79-91.
[3] 龙国徽, 王艳清, 朱超, 等. 柴达木盆地英雄岭构造带油气成藏条件与有利勘探区带[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2021, 33(1):145-160.
LONG Guohui, WANG Yanqing, ZHU Chao, et al. Hydrocarbon accumulation conditions and favorable exploration plays in Yingxiongling structural belt,Qaidam Basin[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs, 2021, 33(1):145-160.
[4] 田继先, 赵健, 张静, 等. 柴达木盆地英雄岭地区硫化氢形成机理及分布预测[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2020, 32(5):84-92.
TIAN Jixian, ZHAO Jian, ZHANG Jing, et al. Formation mechanism and distribution prediction of hydrogen sulfide in Yingxiongling area,Qaidam Basin[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs, 2020, 32(5):84-92.
[5] 郭成波, 李美俊, 刘晓强, 等. 干酪根热解生烃分子模拟研究进展[J]. 沉积学报, 2024, 42(5):1494-1511.
GUO Chengbo, LI Meijun, LIU Xiaoqiang, et al. Progress of kerogen pyrolysis for hydrocarbon generation using molecular simulation[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2024, 42(5):1494-1511.
[6] 邹艳荣, 帅燕华, 孔枫, 等. 油气生成过程实验研究的思考与展望[J]. 石油实验地质, 2004, 26(4):375-382.
ZOU Yanrong, SHUAI Yanhua, KONG Feng, et al. Experiments on petroleum generation:Considerations and outlook[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2004, 26(4):375-382.
[7] 田继先, 姜晓华, 国建英, 等. 柴西湖相碳酸盐岩致密气藏地质特征及规模富集条件:以环英雄岭地区为例[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2021, 32(8):1223-1234.
TIAN Jixian, JIANG Xiaohua, GUO Jianying, et al. Geological characteristics and enrichment conditions of lacustrine carbonate tight gas reservoir,western Qaidam Basin:Case study of Yingxiongling area[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2021, 32(8):1223-1234.
[8] 马中良, 郑伦举, 李志明, 等. 盐类物质对泥质烃源岩生排烃过程的影响[J]. 西南石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 35(1):43-51.
MA Zhongliang, ZHENG Lunju, LI Zhiming, et al. The effect of salts on hydrocarbon generation and expulsion of argillaceous source rock[J]. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University (Science & Technology Edition), 2013, 35(1):43-51.
[9] LEWAN M D. Experiments on the role of water in petroleum formation[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1997, 61(17):3691-3723.
[10] 李术元, 林世静, 郭绍辉, 等. 无机盐类对干酪根生烃过程的影响[J]. 地球化学, 2002, 31(1):15-20.
LI Shuyuan, LIN Shijing, GUO Shaohui, et al. Effects of inorganic salts on the hydrocarbon generation from kerogens[J]. Geochimica, 2002, 31(1):15-20.
[11] 刘国勇, 吴松涛, 伍坤宇, 等. 柴达木盆地西部坳陷古近系全油气系统特征与油气成藏模式[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2024, 51(5):951-961.
LIU Guoyong, WU Songtao, WU Kunyu, et al. Characteristics and hydrocarbon accumulation model of Paleogene whole petroleum system in western depression of Qaidam Basin,NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2024, 51(5):951-961.
[12] 张斌, 何媛媛, 陈琰, 等. 柴达木盆地西部咸化湖相优质烃源岩地球化学特征及成藏意义[J]. 石油学报, 2017, 38(10):1158-1167.
ZHANG Bin, HE Yuanyuan, CHEN Yan, et al. Geochemical characteristics and oil accumulation significance of the high quality saline lacustrine source rocks in the western Qaidam Basin,NW China[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2017, 38(10):1158-1167.
[13] 李国欣, 张斌, 伍坤宇, 等. 柴达木盆地咸化湖盆低有机质丰度烃源岩高效生烃模式[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2023, 50(5):898-910.
LI Guoxin, ZHANG Bin, WU Kunyu, et al. Low organic matter abundance and highly efficient hydrocarbon generation of saline source rock in the Qaidam Basin,NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2023, 50(5):898-910.
[14] 田继先, 石正灏, 李剑, 等. 柴达木盆地侏罗系煤岩气成藏条件与勘探潜力[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2025, 37(4):17-25.
TIAN Jixian, SHI Zhenghao, LI Jian, et al. Reservoir formation conditions and exploration potential of Jurassic coal-rock gas in Qaidam Basin[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs, 2025, 37(4):17-25.
[15] 黄成刚, 李智勇, 倪祥龙, 等. 柴达木盆地英西地区E32盐类矿物成因及油气地质意义[J]. 现代地质, 2017, 31(4):779-790.
HUANG Chenggang, LI Zhiyong, NI Xianglong, et al. Origin of salt minerals and oil-gas geological significance of E32 reservoirs in saline lacustrine basin of the Yingxi area,Qaidam Basin[J]. Geoscience, 2017, 31(4):779-790.
[16] 夏志远, 刘占国, 李森明, 等. 岩盐成因与发育模式:以柴达木盆地英西地区古近系下干柴沟组为例[J]. 石油学报, 2017, 38(1):55-66.
XIA Zhiyuan, LIU Zhanguo, LI Senming, et al. Origin and develo-ping model of rock salt:A case study of Lower Ganchaigou Formation of Paleogene in the west of Yingxiong ridge,Qaidam Basin[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2017, 38(1):55-66.
[17] 崔俊, 毛建英, 陈登钱, 等. 柴达木盆地西部地区古近系湖相碳酸盐岩储层特征[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2022, 34(2):45-53.
CUI Jun, MAO Jianying, CHEN Dengqian, et al. Reservoir characteristics of Paleogene lacustrine carbonate rocks in western Qaidam Basin[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs, 2022, 34(2):45-53.
[18] 姜峰, 张友联, 杜建国. 油气生成热模拟实验研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 1996, 11(5):453-459.
JIANG Feng, ZHANG Youlian, DU Jianguo. Advance of pyrolysis experimentation on hydrocarbon genesis[J]. Advance in Earth Sciences, 1996, 11(5):453-459.
[19] 胡锦杰, 唐友军, 何大祥, 等. 不同类型烃源岩排烃模式对比及差异性探究[J]. 地质力学学报, 2020, 26(6):941-951.
HU Jinjie, TANG Youjun, HE Daxiang, et al. Comparison and exploration of hydrocarbon expulsion patterns of different types of source rocks[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 2020, 26(6):941-951.
[20] PAN Changchun, JIANG Lanlan, LIU Jinzhong, et al. The effects of calcite and montmorillonite on oil cracking in confined pyrolysis experiments[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 2010, 41(7):611-626.
[21] 卢双舫, 付晓泰, 李启明, 等. 塔里木盆地熟化有机质成烃动力学模型原始参数的恢复及意义[J]. 地质论评, 2000, 46(5):556-560.
LU Shuangfang, FU Xiaotai, LI Qiming, et al. Restoration of the original parameters of the chemical kinetic models for generation of hydrocarbons from mature organic matter in the Tarim Basin and its significance[J]. Geological Review, 2000, 46(5):556-560.
[22] 李美俊, 刘晓强, 韩秋雅, 等. 分子模拟在油气地球化学中的应用研究进展[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2021, 42(4):919-930.
LI Meijun, LIU Xiaoqiang, HAN Qiuya, et al. Progress of molecular simulation applications research in petroleum geochemi-stry[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2021, 42(4):919-930.
[23] 冯德浩, 刘成林, 田继先, 等. 柴达木盆地一里坪地区新近系盆地模拟及有利区预测[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2021, 33(3):74-84.
FENG Dehao, LIU Chenglin, TIAN Jixian, et al. Basin mode-ling and favorable play prediction of Neogene in Yiliping area,Qaidam Basin[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs, 2021, 33(3):74-84.
[24] TISSOT B P, WELTE D H. Petroleum formation and occurrence:A new approach to oil and gas exploration[M]. Berlin:Springer-Verlag, 1978.
[1] 谌辰, 孙玉, 张玉洁, 朱庆利, 霍飞, 曹卫东, 刘小亮, 申雨酿. 东营凹陷利津洼陷古近系沙河街组页岩油藏地层水来源及成因[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2026, 38(5): 179-190.
[2] 鲁子琦, 李元昊, 祝彦贺, 陈晓智, 潘新竹, 翟文彬, 常益榕, 单长安. 三门峡盆地古近系沉积演化特征及成藏模式[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2026, 38(4): 77-90.
[3] 蒋龙, 程紫燕, 孙红霞, 刘祖鹏, 李忠新, 田选华, 彭琳雄, 朱丽. 渤海湾盆地渤南洼陷古近系沙三下亚段页岩储层特征及可动孔喉下限[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2026, 38(3): 54-66.
[4] 熊钰, 张维岑, 李亚梅, 耿文爽, 吴道铭, 母丹, 刘通. 高倾角油藏水转气重力驱油效率及界面稳定性预测方法——以渤海湾盆地柳赞地区古近系沙河街组油藏为例[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2026, 38(2): 178-193.
[5] 孙远锋, 曹爱锋, 周勇, 高晨曦, 王柯. 渤海湾盆地临南洼陷古近系沙四上亚段沉积演化特征及古地貌控砂模式[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2025, 37(6): 119-130.
[6] 严宇洋, 熊连桥, 何幼斌, 陈莹, 赵仲祥, 刘圣乾, 罗进雄, 冯斌. 珠江口盆地惠州凹陷古近纪源-汇系统及其控储作用[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2025, 37(5): 166-177.
[7] 田继先, 石正灏, 李剑, 沙威, 蒋峥文, 杨磊, 鱼雪, 蒲永霞. 柴达木盆地侏罗系煤岩气成藏条件与勘探潜力[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2025, 37(4): 17-25.
[8] 郑欣, 江东辉, 李昆, 庄建建, 张传运, 杨超, 袁忠鹏, 王嘉琪. 断裂-地貌-沉积坡折控砂模式及油气勘探意义——以东海盆地西湖凹陷保俶斜坡带北段为例[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2025, 37(4): 95-104.
[9] 陈家旭, 陈长伟, 刘国全, 邹磊落, 董晓伟, 刘川, 杨飞, 钟巍. 渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷深凹区古近系孔二段原油充注特征及成藏模式[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2025, 37(4): 136-146.
[10] 陈怀毅, 李龙, 白冰, 岳军培, 康荣, 张兴强. 渤海湾盆地莱州湾凹陷古近系沙四段走滑盐拱带特征及控藏作用[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2025, 37(3): 120-128.
[11] 朱文奇, 昝春景, 张莹, 王涛, 史朝文, 巴李霞, 陈亮, 季汉成. 渤中凹陷西次洼古近系东营组异常高孔带特征及成因机制[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2025, 37(2): 70-80.
[12] 薛辉, 叶大帅, 郭悦苗, 陈柯童, 吴健平, 许梦婷, 李雅雯. 渤海湾盆地保定凹陷清苑地区古近系东三段曲流河沉积特征及控储作用[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2025, 37(2): 139-152.
[13] 曲星宇. 东营凹陷梁东地区古近系沙三中亚段层序地层划分及石油地质意义[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2025, 37(2): 166-177.
[14] 胡心玲, 荣焕青, 杨伟, 张再昌, 漆智先. 东营凹陷八面河地区古近系沙四段湖相白云岩测井识别及应用[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2025, 37(1): 13-23.
[15] 刘志峰, 朱小二, 柳广弟, 王祥, 李泽坤, 吴璇, 梁禹洋. 渤中凹陷西洼古近系和新近系油气成藏差异对比[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2025, 37(1): 78-89.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!

陇ICP备17006252号
版权所有© 2018 中国石油集团西北地质研究所有限公司《岩性油气藏》编辑部

地址：甘肃省兰州市城关区雁儿湾路535号(陇ICP备17006252号)    电话：0931-8686158;8686058;8686288    邮箱：yxyqc@petrochina.com.cn

甘公网安备 62010202002827号

本系统由北京玛格泰克科技发展有限公司设计开发