岩性油气藏 ›› 2026, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (3): 12–23.doi: 10.12108/yxyqc.20260302

• 地质勘探 • 上一篇    下一篇

VSP速度建模和成像技术研究进展

苏勤1,2(), 冯刚2(), 李彦鹏2, 杨哲2, 刘文卿2   

  1. 1 电子科技大学 资源与环境学院, 成都 611731
    2 中国石油勘探开发研究院 西北分院, 兰州 730020
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-27 修回日期:2025-10-15 出版日期:2026-05-01 发布日期:2026-01-12
  • 第一作者:苏勤(1976—),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事地震资料高分辨率处理、速度建模及偏移成像等领域的科研及生产工作。地址:(730020)甘肃省兰州市城关区雁儿湾路535号。Email:suq@petrochina.com.cn。
  • 通信作者: 冯刚(1996—),男,硕士,工程师,主要从事多波多分量地震资料处理、VSP速度建模及偏移成像方法等方面的研究工作。Email:feng_g_1127@163.com。
  • 基金资助:
    中国石油天然气集团公司科技管理部关键核心技术攻关项目“三维VSP井地联合成像关键技术与软件研发”(2025ZG53)

Research progress of velocity modeling and imaging techniques using vertical seismic profile (VSP)

SU Qin1,2(), FENG Gang2(), LI Yanpeng2, YANG Zhe2, LIU Wenqing2   

  1. 1 School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611631, China
    2 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development-Northwest (NWGI), PetroChina, Lanzhou 730020, China
  • Received:2025-08-27 Revised:2025-10-15 Online:2026-05-01 Published:2026-01-12

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摘要：

垂直地震剖面(VSP)技术利用井中观测优势为复杂构造成像提供关键的速度约束和高分辨率数据。基于文献调研,对VSP核心环节技术演进、当前研究重点以及未来发展方向进行了综述。研究结果表明:①速度建模方法从初至波/反射波射线层析发展到全波形反演(FWI),显著提升了井周参数反演精度,但这些方法仍受到观测覆盖次数和初始模型精度制约,且存在多解性问题;偏移成像技术历经叠加映射、射线类偏移方法至波动方程类偏移方法的演进,突破了简化介质限制,实现了陡倾角复杂构造精确成像,却面临计算效率、噪声压制及波场利用不充分等挑战。②当前研究聚焦于最小二乘逆时偏移(LSRTM)提升振幅保真度、全波场协同成像拓展照明以及推动FWI与LSRTM深度耦合以实现建模-成像一体化。③未来发展将依赖新型传感技术、智能算法与算力协同驱动,并通过深化井地联合勘探,构建高精度速度模型,服务于油气藏精细刻画、动态监测及深地油气资源勘探。

关键词: 垂直地震剖面, 速度建模, 层析反演, 全波形反演, 波动方程, 逆时偏移

Abstract:

Vertical seismic profile (VSP) technology leverages the advantages of downhole observation to provide critical velocity constraints and high-resolution data for imaging complex geological structures. Based on a comprehensive literature review, the technological evolution of core components in VSP, current research focuses, and future development directions were summarized. The results show that: (1) Velocity modeling methods have advanced from first-arrival/reflected-wave ray-based tomography to full waveform inversion (FWI), significantly improving the accuracy of parameter inversion around the borehole. However, these methods remain constrained by acquisition fold and initial model accuracy, and still face challenges such as non-uniqueness. Migration imaging techniques have evolved from stacking mapping, ray-based migration methods, to wave-equation-based migration algorithms, overcoming the limitations of simplified medium and enabling accurate imaging of steeply dipping complex structures,still facing challenges such as computational efficiency, noise suppression, and insufficient utilization of the full wavefield. (2) Current research focuses on enhancing amplitude fidelity through least-squares reverse time migration (LSRTM), expanding illumination via full-wavefield collaborative imaging, and promoting deep integration of FWI and LSRTM to achieve unified velocity modeling and seismic imaging. (3) Future progress will rely on the synergistic development of novel sensing technologies, intelligent algorithms and increased computational power. By advancing integrated borehole-surface seismic surveys, high-precision velocity models will be constructed to support detailed reservoir characterization, dynamic monitoring, and the exploration of deep oil and gas resources.

Key words: vertical seismic profile, velocity modeling, tomographic inversion, full waveform inversion, wave equation, reverse time migration

中图分类号: 

  • TE121.34

图1

Marmousi模型Walkaway-VSP弹性波FWI速度建模"

图2

不同资料全波形反演速度建模结果"

图3

3D-DAS-VSP数据面元拉伸前、后的叠加成像剖面对比(据文献[37]修改)"

图4

四川盆地某井的Walkaway-VSP数据Kirchhoff偏移成像结果"

图5

理论模型的VSP逆时偏移成像结果 注：红色虚线为炮点的分布范围。"

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